Accurate prediction of hydrological variables is essential for efficient water resources planning and management. Proper understanding of the characteristics of the time series may help in improving the simulation and forecasting accuracy of hydrological variables. This book presents a detailed description and application of multi-time scale time-frequency characterization tool for the spectral analysis of hydrological time series. It illustrates spectral analysis methods for hydrological applications through a wide variety of illustrative case studies including wavelet transforms, Hilbert Huang Transform and its extensions, and Empirical Mode Decomposition methods backed by MATLAB® codes. Aimed at researchers, graduate students in civil engineering, applied hydrology, signal processing, meteorology.