I. THE ROOTS OF GOVERNMENT AND THE AMERICAN POLITICAL LANDSCAPE.

1. The Roots of the American Political System.

John Lock, “Of the Beginnings of Political Societies”, from The Second Treatise on Government.

Thomas Hobbes, “On the Natural Conditions of Mankind”, from Leviathan.

The Declaration of Independence.

2. The American Political Landscape.

William Booth, “One Nation, Indivisible: Is It History?”

Figure 2.1 U.S. Population Projections.

Jennifer L. Hochschild, “American Racial and Ethnic Politics in the 21st Century: A Cautious Look Ahead”.

Robert J. Blendon, et al. “The 60's and the 90's - Americans' Political, Moral, and Religious Values Then and Now”.

Table 2.1. American Values, Then and Now.

Table 2.2. Role of Government Today: Differences between Republicans and Democrats.

Table 2.3. Morality, Toleration, and Religion in the Public Domain: Differences between Republicans and Democrats.

3. The Constitution, the Fight for its Ratification, and the Constitutional Amendment Process.

James Madison, Federalist No. 47.

The Economist, “If You Sincerely Want Be a United States”.

Leonard W. Levy, “The Framers, the Supreme Court, and Notions of Original Intent”.

John R. Vile “Proposals to Amend the Constitution”.

Figure 3.1. Amending the Constitution.

4. The American Federal System.

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 17.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819).

Cass R. Sunstein, “Founders, Keepers”.

Aaron Wildavsky, “Birthday Cake Federalism”.

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989).

United States v. Lopez (1995).

Martha Derthick, “American Federalism: Half-Full or Half Empty”?

5. Civil Liberties.

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 84.

Samuel Bryan, Centinel No.1.

Table 5.1. The Bill of Rights.

Fred W. Friendly and Martha J.H. Elliot, “Seveenteen Words: The Quiet Revolution of the Fourteenth Amendment”.

Freedom of Religion.

Lee v. Weisman (1992).

Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993).

Freedom of Speech.

R.A.V. v. City of Saint Paul, Minnesota (1992).

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997).

The Rights of Criminal Defendants.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963).

McClesky v. Kemp (1987).

6. Civil Rights.

James Madison, Federalist No. 42.

Race Discrimination, Affirmative Action and Constitutional Standards of Review: Strict Scrutiny.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954).

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978).

Hopwood v. Texas (1996).

Sex Discrimination and the Intermediate Standard of Review.

Reed v. Reed (1971).

United States v. Virginia (1996).

Gay Rights and the Minimum Rationality Standard of Review.

Romer v. Evans (1996).

II. THE INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT.

7 The Congress.

James Madison, Federalists No. 52 and 62.

James Sterling Young, “The Washington Community”.

Table 7.1. Civil Operations of Legislators, 9th and 13th Congress.

Morris P. Fiorina, “The Rise of the Washington Establishment”.

Richard F. Fenno, Jr. “Homestyle: How Members View Their Districts and Its Effects”.

Barbara Sinclair, “An Effective Congress and Effective Members: What Does it Take?”

Michele L. Swers, “Are Women More Likely to Vote for Women's Issue Bills Than Their Male Colleagues?”

Table 7.2. Probability that a Republican Legislator with a Given Gender, Ideology, and Constituency Will Vote for a Women's Issue Bill.

8. The Presidency.

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 70.

James Sterling Young, “The Art of Statecraft”.

James David Barber, “Presidential Character”.

Figure 8.1. Barber's Presidential Personalities.

Richard E. Neustradt, “Presidential Power and the Power to Persuade”.

Samuel Kernell, “Going Public”.

United States v. Nixon (1974).

Bob Woodward, “Shadow: Five Presidents and the Legacy of Watergate”.

Clinton v. Jones (1997).

9. The Bureaucracy.

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No.72.

James Sterling Young, “Presidential Cabinets in the Jeffersonian Era”.

James Q. Wilson, “The Rise of the Bureaucratic State”.

10. The Judiciary.

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 78.

James Sterling Yong, “The Early Supreme Court”.

Marbury v. Madison (1803).

William H. Rehnquist, “How the Supreme Court Arrives at Decisions”.

Joan Biskupic, “The Rehnquist Court: Justices Want to Be Known As Jurists, Not As Activists”.

III. POLITICAL BEHAVIOR AND THE POLITICAL PROCESSES OF GOVERNMENT.

11. Public Opinion.

James Madison, Federalist No. 49.

V.O. Key, Jr., “The Meaning of Public Opinion”.

John R. Zaller, “Monica Lewinsky's Contribution to Political Science.”.

Table 11.1. Trends in Presidential Job Approval in the Initial Phase of the Lewinsky Matter.

Warren Mitofsky, “Pollsters.com”.

Benjamin Ginsburg, “How Polling Transforms Public Opinion”.

12. Political Parties and Interest Groups.

James Madison, Federalist No. 10.

E. E. Schnattschneider, “Party Government”.

Paul Allen Beck, ”The Place of Political Parties in America”.

Williams v. Rhodes (1968).

Mancur Olson, Jr., “The Logic of Collective Action”.

Theodore J. Lowi, “Interest-Group Liberalism”.

Larry J. Sabato, “PAC Power”.

Table 12.1. Kinds of Candidates PACs Prefer..

Buckley v. Valeo (1976).

13. Campaigns, Elections and Voting.

James Madison, Federalist No. 29.

V.O. Key, Jr., “The Responsible Electorate”.

Gary C. Jacobson, “The Politics of Congressional Elections”.

Table 13.1. Personal Staffs of House and Senate Members, 1930-1993.

Table 13.2. House Members' Paid Trips to their Districts, 1962-1995.

Table 13.3. Election-Year Congressional Mailings, 1954-1992.

Angus Campbell, Phillip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes, “The American Voter”.

Figure 13.1. Change in Status over Time of Events Affecting Behavior.

Karlyn H. Bowman and Tom Smith, “The Gender Gap in American Voting”.

14. The Media.

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 84.

Timothy E. Cook, “The News Media as a Political Institution”.

Shanto Iyengar and Donald R. Kinder, “News That Matters”.

Larry J. Sabato, “Inquisition, American Style: Attack Journalism and Feeding Frenzies”.

Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966) .

Doris A. Graber, “The 'New' Media and Politics”.

IV. PUBLIC POLICY.

15. Domestic Policy.

James Madison, Federalist No.44.

Anthony Down, “Up and Down with Ecology—the “Issue-Attention Cycle”.

Robert Kutner, “Incremental Reform Toward What?”

16. Foreign and Military Policy.

Alexander Hamilton, Federalist No. 75.

Jay Rosen, “Glitz! Visuals! Action!: The Whole World is Watching CNN”.

Richard M. Pious, “Presidential War Powers, the War Powers Resolution, and the Persian Gulf”.

Appendix A. The Constitution of the United States of America.